the role of the three cognitive components of intuition, abduction and expertise in the design thinking process

This research explores the cognitive components required by effective problem-solving in design, specifically intuition, innovative reasoning, and expertise that are so central to "designerly" ways of problem-solving. The approaches used in this type of problem-solving are unique in the world of designers and also different from the traditional ways of solving problems in both science and engineering. Unlike the systematic and analytical strategies often used in science, design thinking underlines the integration of cognitive abilities related to divergent thinking, creativity, and intuition, especially in contexts with ambiguity and uncertainty. Such characteristics make designerly approaches more relevant for complex, dynamic challenges, which are increasingly the case in contemporary society. Expertise was most influential in the problem definition, ideation, and evaluation stages.

This paper qualitatively investigates the intuitive, innovative reasoning, and expertise roles throughout the stages of design thinking, with arguments related to the development of the respective cognitive abilities in the course of design education. By using a descriptive-analytical methodology, data for this study were obtained via a thorough review of relevant literature, thematically analyzed in terms of how intuitive, innovative reasoning, and expertise contribute to each step of design thinking: the steps of empathy, problem definition, ideation, testing, and evaluation. The findings indicate that intuition was most effective in the empathy, ideation, and testing stages, while innovative reasoning plays a critical role in both problem definition and ideation phases. Expertise was most influential in the problem definition, ideation, and evaluation stages.

The study also highlights a significant gap in current design education, where cognitive abilities central to the designerly approach—such as intuitive thinking, innovative reasoning, and experiential knowledge—are not adequately addressed. Design education often emphasizes logic and reasoning skills, overlooking the non-argumentative and intuitive aspects of the design process. The fact that such important cognitive dimensions of successful design practice are paid so little attention signals a paradigm shift that is much needed in the design curricula. It thus advocates for a holistic approach in design education, embracing both the rational and the emotional in design thinking. This would involve an interdisciplinary integration of cognitive science and design theory that could inform the development of new educational strategies enhancing the problem-solving capabilities of future designers.



The implications of this research are profound, as they point to the necessity of developing educational frameworks that are in line with the cognitive processes underpinning effective design practice. By explicitly targeting the development of intuition, innovative reasoning, and expertise, design education can better prepare designers to deal with complex problems in dynamic and unpredictable contexts. This study also suggests that with a greater emphasis on these cognitive components, design solutions will be more innovative and effective in solving the challenges facing contemporary society. This implies the need for reconceptualizing design education to ensure that cognitive diversity is regarded and a variety of knowledge integration is considered, including embodied and tacit knowledge, which significantly enhances the design thinking process and fosters highly skilled adaptive designers.